解決方案
技術解決方案
隨著(zhu)我國(guo)經(jing)濟的(de)高速發展(zhan)和全(quan)球氣(qi)候環(huan)境不斷惡(e)化等因素，用電(dian)(dian)供(gong)煤急劇(ju)下(xia)降(jiang)，全(quan)國(guo)用電(dian)(dian)負(fu)荷(he)攀升(sheng)，能(neng)源(yuan)供(gong)應(ying)趨緊(jin)。限電(dian)(dian)！似乎(hu)已(yi)被人(ren)遺忘的(de)字眼，近來頻頻出現(xian)在各(ge)大媒體；拉閘(zha)！已(yi)成為政府、企(qi)(qi)業、用戶，以及電(dian)(dian)力(li)職工(gong)共同關(guan)注的(de)焦點。能(neng)源(yuan)價格(ge)上漲和嚴(yan)重的(de)電(dian)(dian)力(li)短缺(que)，使(shi)企(qi)(qi)業生產本身開(kai)(kai)支增加，對(dui)習慣于(yu)以降(jiang)價來攻打市(shi)場的(de)企(qi)(qi)業彈盡(jin)糧絕，沒有回旋余(yu)地了(le)，不可能(neng)長期維持，開(kai)(kai)源(yuan)已(yi)不足以滿足企(qi)(qi)業贏利(li)要(yao)求(qiu)，節流--控制成本，就成為企(qi)(qi)業獲取(qu)利(li)潤、增強(qiang)產品競爭力(li)的(de)有效(xiao)手段。節電(dian)(dian)產品的(de)應(ying)用，使(shi)電(dian)(dian)費開(kai)(kai)支得到有效(xiao)控制，“節電(dian)(dian)就等于(yu)賺錢(qian)”，且(qie)這筆(bi)錢(qian)可以直接轉化為企(qi)(qi)業的(de)凈利(li)潤。
聯合(he)國開發(fa)計劃署(shu)（UNDP）、聯合(he)國經(jing)濟與(yu)社會事(shi)務(wu)部和(he)世(shi)(shi)界能(neng)源理事(shi)會出版的(de)(de)(de)(de)《世(shi)(shi)界能(neng)源評價——能(neng)源與(yu)可(ke)持(chi)續(xu)發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)挑戰》報告中指出：在(zai)能(neng)源緊(jin)缺時代(dai)，2/3的(de)(de)(de)(de)能(neng)源卻在(zai)轉換過(guo)程中白(bai)白(bai)損失了，以(yi)更清潔、更高(gao)(gao)效(xiao)(xiao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)方(fang)式(shi)提供“能(neng)源服務(wu)”，是解決當前(qian)發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)問(wen)題的(de)(de)(de)(de)一個先決條件，提高(gao)(gao)能(neng)效(xiao)(xiao)最(zui)為(wei)緊(jin)要(yao)。電(dian)(dian)力(li)是能(neng)源的(de)(de)(de)(de)重要(yao)部分，節(jie)電(dian)(dian)是節(jie)能(neng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)重要(yao)內容，節(jie)電(dian)(dian)具(ju)有最(zui)大(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)經(jing)濟效(xiao)(xiao)益(yi)，節(jie)電(dian)(dian)具(ju)有跨(kua)越(yue)式(shi)發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)條件，首先在(zai)電(dian)(dian)力(li)部門和(he)全社會要(yao)樹立既要(yao)發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)電(dian)(dian)氣(qi)化，又(you)要(yao)打(da)破電(dian)(dian)用(yong)得越(yue)多(duo)越(yue)好的(de)(de)(de)(de)錯誤觀念，一是要(yao)控制(zhi)耗電(dian)(dian)大(da)企業的(de)(de)(de)(de)發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)，二是要(yao)控制(zhi)電(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)低效(xiao)(xiao)利(li)用(yong)；特別要(yao)盡可(ke)能(neng)減(jian)少電(dian)(dian)力(li)空調(diao)、電(dian)(dian)鍋爐采暖(nuan)；三是必須(xu)用(yong)電(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)要(yao)采用(yong)節(jie)電(dian)(dian)產品，大(da)力(li)進行負荷管(guan)理，實施可(ke)中斷負荷。
一、決定用電設備電能浪費的幾種要素
1. 供電電壓
通(tong)常(chang)由于用(yong)(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器具(ju)距離電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)較遠，在(zai)用(yong)(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)高峰(feng)期，勢(shi)必引起電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)供(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)線路末端電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓下(xia)降。為(wei)了(le)彌補這種損失(shi)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)公司所(suo)輸(shu)送的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓總是比用(yong)(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)設(she)備所(suo)使(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)的(de)額定電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓高出一部分(fen)，這部分(fen)多(duo)出來的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓，就形成(cheng)(cheng)了(le)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能的(de)過剩(sheng)供(gong)給(gei)，也(ye)就是通(tong)常(chang)說的(de)"大馬拉小(xiao)車"現象。過剩(sheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓施(shi)加于用(yong)(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)設(she)備時，會使(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器具(ju)長(chang)期工(gong)作在(zai)超負(fu)荷的(de)狀(zhuang)態下(xia)，這不但造成(cheng)(cheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)的(de)浪費，還會直接縮(suo)短用(yong)(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)設(she)備的(de)使(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)壽命(ming)。
2. 三(san)相電(dian)源不(bu)平衡(heng)
由于(yu)目前(qian)用(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)設(she)備，特(te)別是單(dan)相(xiang)(xiang)大(da)功(gong)率(lv)設(she)備應(ying)用(yong)(yong)較為普遍，造成三相(xiang)(xiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)源不(bu)對稱，負載(zai)大(da)的(de)相(xiang)(xiang)偏低、負載(zai)小的(de)相(xiang)(xiang)偏高，這種現象會造成逆相(xiang)(xiang)序旋轉磁場(chang),影(ying)響用(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)設(she)備的(de)輸出功(gong)率(lv)。轉子產生(sheng)逆序電(dian)(dian)(dian)流，從而(er)產生(sheng)制動轉矩，使用(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)設(she)備溫度(du)升高，輸出功(gong)率(lv)減(jian)小。三相(xiang)(xiang)不(bu)平(ping)衡越(yue)大(da)，線損越(yue)大(da)。
3. 諧波
電(dian)網(wang)上的高(gao)次(ci)諧波來源很(hen)多(duo)，如：大氣過電(dian)壓(ya)、雷擊、變頻設(she)(she)備、晶閘管設(she)(she)備的投(tou)入(ru)運行(xing)等(deng)。由于電(dian)網(wang)中存(cun)在高(gao)次(ci)諧波，既增(zeng)加(jia)了用(yong)電(dian)設(she)(she)備損(sun)耗，又會使效率(lv)降低，用(yong)電(dian)設(she)(she)備發熱(re)加(jia)劇、溫(wen)升提高(gao)，效率(lv)下降，使用(yong)壽命縮短(duan)。
4. 功率因數
功率(lv)(lv)(lv)因數的(de)(de)(de)高低(di)(di)(di)是影響電源利用(yong)率(lv)(lv)(lv)的(de)(de)(de)關鍵因素，功率(lv)(lv)(lv)因數低(di)(di)(di)，會降(jiang)低(di)(di)(di)電源利用(yong)率(lv)(lv)(lv)，降(jiang)低(di)(di)(di)設備的(de)(de)(de)效(xiao)率(lv)(lv)(lv)，增加了電路上的(de)(de)(de)損耗(hao)。
5. 負載電流(liu)大小
設(she)備(bei)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)長時期工(gong)(gong)作在大電(dian)(dian)流狀態下，會增加用(yong)電(dian)(dian)設(she)備(bei)的(de)損耗，提高設(she)備(bei)工(gong)(gong)作溫度，縮短使用(yong)壽(shou)命。
6. 瞬流和浪涌
企業(ye)內(nei)部用(yong)電(dian)設備產生(sheng)大(da)量的瞬(shun)流和浪涌，在小(xiao)電(dian)網里迂(yu)回(hui)徘徊，產生(sheng)電(dian)力污染，給用(yong)電(dian)設備造(zao)成損害，同時也造(zao)成了電(dian)能的大(da)量浪費。
二、幾種常用節電技術比較分析
針對引起電(dian)(dian)能(neng)浪費的幾個方面(mian), 掌握各種節(jie)電(dian)(dian)技術(shu)的特點并合理應用，是降低(di)電(dian)(dian)耗(hao),提高(gao)節(jie)電(dian)(dian)效果(guo)與電(dian)(dian)網質量的前提條件。常(chang)用的節(jie)電(dian)(dian)技術(shu),主要體(ti)現在以下幾個方面(mian)：
1. 可控硅(gui)斬波技術
節電(dian)(dian)率有所提高(gao)，但同時產(chan)生(sheng)大量諧(xie)波(bo)(bo)污染電(dian)(dian)網(wang)，增加電(dian)(dian)器(qi)損(sun)耗(hao)，使效率降低，電(dian)(dian)器(qi)發(fa)熱加劇(ju)，因電(dian)(dian)流諧(xie)波(bo)(bo)損(sun)失(shi)的影響，節電(dian)(dian)效果比正(zheng)弦(xian)波(bo)(bo)情(qing)況要(yao)差。
2. 抑制浪涌(yong)技(ji)術
采用(yong)(yong)高速(su)微處理(li)器，無諧波(bo)的新技術，動(dong)態(tai)調(diao)節(jie)(jie)用(yong)(yong)電(dian)設(she)備(bei)(bei)在(zai)運行(xing)過(guo)程中的電(dian)流，能(neng)有效的抑(yi)制瞬變浪涌和(he)諧波(bo)，使輸入電(dian)機(ji)(ji)的能(neng)量(liang)盡可能(neng)多的輸入到用(yong)(yong)電(dian)設(she)備(bei)(bei)上，將電(dian)機(ji)(ji)浪費的能(neng)量(liang)減少到最低(di)值，有效的提(ti)高了用(yong)(yong)電(dian)設(she)備(bei)(bei)在(zai)運行(xing)中的功率因數，這樣既(ji)可以延長用(yong)(yong)電(dian)設(she)備(bei)(bei)的使用(yong)(yong)壽命(ming)，又可以節(jie)(jie)約電(dian)費，實現(xian)節(jie)(jie)電(dian)。
采用專用瞬(shun)變抑制元件及科學設計利用標準的(de)(de)罐形電(dian)(dian)容(rong)在感性(xing)系(xi)統(tong)中加入電(dian)(dian)容(rong)容(rong)抗來使功率因數得到改善，并能逐(zhu)漸消除因高次諧波在電(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)中沖擊(ji)形成的(de)(de)沉(chen)積物碳（使電(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)老化發熱的(de)(de)主要物質），從而有效降低線損(sun)，使電(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)平(ping)穩純凈，并有效過(guo)濾電(dian)(dian)網電(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)中的(de)(de)瞬(shun)變浪涌(yong)，提高設備(bei)運行(xing)效率，實(shi)現節電(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)目的(de)(de)。
3. 變頻技術
變頻調(diao)速技術(shu)，它(ta)是一種以改變電機頻率(lv)和改變電壓來達(da)到電機調(diao)速目的(de)的(de)技術(shu)。采(cai)用(yong)交(jiao)流電機變頻調(diao)速技術(shu)，產(chan)(chan)生(sheng)節電及(ji)增產(chan)(chan)的(de)效(xiao)果。運用(yong)變頻控(kong)制(zhi)技術(shu)的(de)變頻空調(diao)，可根據(ju)環境溫度自動選擇(ze)制(zhi)熱、制(zhi)冷和除(chu)濕運轉方式，使居室在短時(shi)間內(nei)迅速達(da)到所需要的(de)溫度，并在低轉速、低能耗狀(zhuang)態下以較(jiao)小的(de)溫差波(bo)動，實現了快速、節能和舒(shu)適控(kong)溫效(xiao)果。
用調(diao)速控制(zhi)(zhi)代替擋風(feng)板或節(jie)流閥控制(zhi)(zhi)風(feng)流量，這(zhe)是(shi)風(feng)機(ji)(ji)水泵節(jie)電的(de)(de)一(yi)個(ge)有效途(tu)徑。變(bian)頻空調(diao)通過提高壓縮機(ji)(ji)工(gong)作頻率的(de)(de)方式，增大(da)(da)了(le)在低(di)(di)溫時的(de)(de)制(zhi)(zhi)熱(re)能(neng)力(li)，最大(da)(da)制(zhi)(zhi)熱(re)量可達(da)到同類(lei)空調(diao)器的(de)(de)1.5倍，低(di)(di)溫下(xia)仍能(neng)保持良好(hao)的(de)(de)制(zhi)(zhi)熱(re)效果。此外，一(yi)般的(de)(de)分(fen)體機(ji)(ji)只(zhi)有四檔風(feng)速可供調(diao)節(jie)，而變(bian)頻空調(diao)器的(de)(de)室內風(feng)機(ji)(ji)自動運行(xing)時，轉(zhuan)速會隨壓縮機(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)工(gong)作頻率在12檔風(feng)速范圍內變(bian)化(hua)，由于風(feng)機(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)轉(zhuan)速與空調(diao)器的(de)(de)能(neng)力(li)配合較為合理、細膩，實現了(le)低(di)(di)噪(zao)(zao)音的(de)(de)寧靜(jing)運行(xing)，最低(di)(di)噪(zao)(zao)音只(zhi)有30分(fen)貝(bei)左右。
4. 電磁調控技術(shu)
運用(yong)最(zui)新高(gao)科技電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)磁調控(kong)原(yuan)理(li)，采(cai)用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)磁調壓、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)磁移(yi)相、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)磁平(ping)(ping)衡變換等高(gao)尖(jian)端自有專(zhuan)利技術(shu)與微(wei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)腦智(zhi)能控(kong)制(zhi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路完(wan)美組合，針對(dui)目前電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)實際(ji)參數(shu)(shu)，抓住著重有效(xiao)(xiao)解決(jue)影響用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)設(she)備(bei)(bei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能浪費的幾種要素，通過實時監測電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)負(fu)載變化(hua)(hua)的情況，應用(yong)最(zui)優化(hua)(hua)控(kong)制(zhi)原(yuan)理(li)，自動控(kong)制(zhi)輸出功(gong)率(lv)，控(kong)制(zhi)供給電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)設(she)備(bei)(bei)去的功(gong)率(lv)為實際(ji)需(xu)要的功(gong)率(lv)，達到(dao)精確匹(pi)配(pei)。并將多余(yu)的能量反(fan)饋(kui)給電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)，提高(gao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)設(she)備(bei)(bei)的功(gong)率(lv)因數(shu)(shu)，降低(di)線損，提高(gao)系統用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)效(xiao)(xiao)率(lv)，增大(da)線路容量，使電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓平(ping)(ping)衡得到(dao)改善，減少(shao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)設(she)備(bei)(bei)附加(jia)損耗，延(yan)長電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)設(she)備(bei)(bei)的使用(yong)壽(shou)命(ming)，從而有效(xiao)(xiao)實現了(le)系統綜(zong)合節電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，大(da)幅提高(gao)了(le)節電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)效(xiao)(xiao)率(lv)。
5. 單片機控制技術
單(dan)相(xiang)(xiang)異(yi)步電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)在(zai)(zai)設計時(shi)一般會加大(da)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)功(gong)(gong)率的(de)(de)(de)容量,以(yi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)正常運行(xing)。而啟動(dong)(dong)后(hou)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)一般在(zai)(zai)額定(ding)負(fu)(fu)荷的(de)(de)(de)40%-60%左右(you)運行(xing)，尤(you)其(qi)在(zai)(zai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)空(kong)載時(shi)甚(shen)至(zhi)只有20%－30%的(de)(de)(de)額定(ding)容量下(xia)運行(xing),此時(shi)的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)處在(zai)(zai)低(di)效(xiao)運行(xing)區,造成很大(da)的(de)(de)(de)浪費。采用單(dan)片機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)控制，自動(dong)(dong)檢(jian)測電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)負(fu)(fu)載及功(gong)(gong)率因數，適時(shi)調整輸出(chu)功(gong)(gong)率，使電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)在(zai)(zai)空(kong)載情(qing)況下(xia)降(jiang)低(di)輸出(chu)功(gong)(gong)率和端電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)，在(zai)(zai)剛好維護電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)能正常運轉的(de)(de)(de)條件下(xia)工作，在(zai)(zai)檢(jian)測電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路檢(jian)測到(dao)負(fu)(fu)載增加時(shi)，自動(dong)(dong)提高輸出(chu)功(gong)(gong)率和端電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)使之與功(gong)(gong)率需求相(xiang)(xiang)匹配，達到(dao)節(jie)(jie)能節(jie)(jie)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)(de)目的(de)(de)(de)。在(zai)(zai)正常供電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)條件下(xia)，空(kong)載時(shi)節(jie)(jie)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)率可(ke)高達70%，有負(fu)(fu)載時(shi)也高于(yu)20%；如果電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)功(gong)(gong)率較大(da)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)效(xiao)率較低(di)，或現場電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)高于(yu)220伏等情(qing)況，其(qi)節(jie)(jie)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)效(xiao)率更佳。
三、綜上所述
電(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)既是最重(zhong)要的(de)(de)能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)，又是消耗其它能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)生產(chan)的(de)(de)能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)產(chan)品(pin)，節(jie)(jie)(jie)約能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)已經被專家視為與煤(mei)炭、石油、天(tian)然(ran)氣和電(dian)(dian)(dian)力同等重(zhong)要的(de)(de)“第五能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)”。為此(ci)，節(jie)(jie)(jie)約電(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)尤為重(zhong)要。節(jie)(jie)(jie)電(dian)(dian)(dian)是節(jie)(jie)(jie)能(neng)(neng)的(de)(de)重(zhong)要內容，中科宇杰通過(guo)所掌(zhang)握上(shang)述(shu)各種(zhong)節(jie)(jie)(jie)電(dian)(dian)(dian)技術的(de)(de)特(te)點，對用(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業進行(xing)節(jie)(jie)(jie)電(dian)(dian)(dian)審計，根據企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業的(de)(de)現實情況(kuang)，最大(da)限度的(de)(de)針對用(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業，合理(li)的(de)(de)采用(yong)(yong)上(shang)述(shu)技術對用(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業進行(xing)節(jie)(jie)(jie)電(dian)(dian)(dian)改造，使(shi)企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業獲取最大(da)的(de)(de)經濟效益。
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